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Psychiatric disorders are some of the major challenges facing treatment in as much as response rates and recoveries are concerned because these mental disorders are acknowledged for their devastating effects. Another area explored in this research looks into the functioning of liberal motives in the glutamatergic system, immunologic system, and neuroinflammation as specifications that could be utilized for managing psychiatric disorders with the help of medications. Two main strategies are; regulation of the release of glutamate and immune reactions, and neuroinflammation. The efficacy of such systems has been demonstrated from preclinical and clinical trials, mainly in the enhancement of mental symptoms. Though, questions arise like: Is it feasible to develop the target? Do the emitting pole and the receiving pole indicate that the treatment is the best one? On what basis should the patients be grouped? Assessing such priceless information concerning these novel targets will enable the identification of the... Continue Reading

Background and Objective: Evaluation of intraoperative frozen section (FS) in central nervous system (CNS) lesions  is an invaluable tool to ensure adequacy of tissue obtained to establish the diagnosis and is consistently practiced for rapid assessment and ancillary studies. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic concordance between frozen section for the pediatric CNS lesions considering Histopathology as a gold standard in the local pediatric population with respect to age and gender. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Histopathology, University of Child Health Sciences & The Children’s Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The biopsy specimens from 35 pediatric patients with CNS tumors were sent fresh frozen and in formalin, both, for analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of FS while taking formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues as gold standard. The data was analyzed by using statistical tests of significance. Results: Comparing FS with FFPE tissues,  77.1... Continue Reading

Background and Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major public health disease after upper respiratory tract infections,  affecting more than 150 million people worldwide  The study was aimed to identify the effects of probiotics in preventing recurrent UTIs in pregnant women. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on pregnant females (1st and 2nd trimester), aged between 18 and 40 years presenting with UTIs. A total of 60 participants were equally and randomly allocated into two groups, i.e., Group A, who received probiotics along with conventional treatment, and Group B which acted as a control and received the placebo along with the conventional treatment. Urine D-R evaluations were performed pre and post intervention. The pre-post analysis was performed using a paired t-test as the data were normally distributed. To compare analysis among groups, an independent sample t test was applied. p (<0.05) was considered as statistically significant. Results: Group-A... Continue Reading

Background and Objective: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest disorder involving the male reproductive tract. Surgical biopsy is the key to diagnosis in correlation with serum hormone levels. This study was designed to determine the frequency of sexual dysfunction (SD) after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in male patients presenting with BPH.  Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Institute of Kidney Diseases, Peshawar. A total of 82 male patients of 40 to 60 years of age with BPH having lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) were included. Detailed history, examination, and investigations like full blood count, coagulation profile, and ultrasound with pre and post-void residual urine were performed on every patient. Preoperative erectile function was assessed by using the international index of erectile function (IIEF-5). All patients underwent TURP using monopolar diathermy and were managed according to the standard protocol till discharge from the hospital. Post TURP... Continue Reading

Background and Objective: Thyroid lesions stand as the predominant endocrine disorders witnessing a substantial global surge in the incidence over recent decades. This study was designed to assess the frequency of neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid lesions, focusing on variations across age groups and genders within two tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pathology Departments of Combined Military Hospital Lahore and Sheikh Zayed Hospital Lahore from the year 2017 to 2021. Histopathological data of 1,217 patients was assessed, with 333 patients having thyroid lesions. The lesions were classified into neoplastic and non-neoplastic. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Results: Among the 1,217 patients, 333 (27.3%) were diagnosed with thyroid-related lesions, of which 303 (90.9%) were neoplastic and 30 (9.0%) were non neoplastic. Neoplastic lesions included multinodular goiter (41.4%), adenomatous colloid goiter (32.7%), papillary carcinoma (10.2%), and follicular adenoma (6.6%). Non-neoplastic... Continue Reading

Background and Objective: Manifestation and the law of attraction are new age practices. Different age groups view and practice these differently since their beliefs are influenced by their peers, families, cultures, traditions, and technology. This study compares the perceptions, interpretations, and interactions of Generation Z and Millennials in order to better understand the intricacies of the manifestation phenomenon. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted at a private medical college in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 266 subjects were divided into two groups according to their ages, i.e., Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012) and Millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) generation. Data were collected using a survey proforma created on Google Forms and statistical analysis was done using relevant tests of significance.  Results: Generation Z had better knowledge (p = 0.045) of the concept of manifestation and how it works. Both generations believe that practicing intentional manifestation and... Continue Reading